Signals arriving at the amplifier in biomedical devices
Keywords:
Biopotential amplifier, Biosignal, CMRR (common mode rejection ratio), Noise and interference, Signal amplification, Signal in medical electronics, Electrode interface, Analog signal processing, Differential amplifier, Electrical safety in medical devicesAbstract
This article analyzes the main signal components that arise during the amplification process in biomedical devices and their characteristics. The five primary components of the input signal — the desired biopotential, undesired biopotentials, power line interference (50/60 Hz) and its harmonics, interference at the tissue-electrode interface, and noise — are examined in depth. Particular attention is given to the ability of biopotential amplifiers to suppress common mode signals (CMRR), which is one of the key requirements in their design. Mechanisms for improving signal quality through input stage design, preamplifiers, isolation, and filtering stages, as well as methods for increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, are also discussed. This analysis provides essential theoretical and practical foundations for the accurate and safe signal processing in biomedical instrumentation
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